True ice cream

Ice cream recipes first appear in 18th century England and America. A recipe for ice cream was published in Mrs. Mary Eales's Receipts in London 1718.

To ice CREAM. Take Tin Ice-Pots, fill them with any Sort of Cream you like, either plain or sweeten'd, or Fruit in it; shut your Pots very close; to six Pots you must allow eighteen or twenty Pound of Ice, breaking the Ice very small; there will be some great Pieces, which lay at the Bottom and Top: You must have a Pail, and lay some Straw at the Bottom; then lay in your Ice, and put in amongst it a Pound of Bay-Salt; set in your Pots of Cream, and lay Ice and Salt between every Pot, that they may not touch; but the Ice must lie round them on every Side; lay a good deal of Ice on the Top, cover the Pail with Straw, set it in a Cellar where no Sun or Light comes, it will be froze in four Hours, but it may stand longer; than take it out just as you use it; hold it in your Hand and it will slip out. When you wou'd freeze any Sort of Fruit, either Cherries, Rasberries, Currants, or Strawberries, fill your Tin-Pots with the Fruit, but as hollow as you can; put to them Lemmonade, made with Spring-Water and Lemmon-Juice sweeten'd; put enough in the Pots to make the Fruit hang together, and put them in Ice as you do Cream.

The earliest reference to ice cream given by the Oxford English Dictionary is from 1744, reprinted in a magazine in 1877. 1744 in Pennsylvania Mag. Hist. & Biogr. (1877) I. 126 Among the rarities..was some fine ice cream, which, with the strawberries and milk, eat most deliciously.

The 1751 edition of The Art of Cookery made Plain and Easy by Hannah Glasse features a recipe for ice cream. OED gives her recipe: H. GLASSE Art of Cookery (ed. 4) 333 (heading) To make Ice Cream..set it [sc. the cream] into the larger Bason. Fill it with Ice, and a Handful of Salt.

1768 saw the publication of L'Art de Bien Faire les Glaces d'Office by M. Emy, a cookbook devoted entirely to recipes for flavoured ices and ice cream.

Ice cream was introduced to the United States by Quaker colonists who brought their ice cream recipes with them. Confectioners sold ice cream at their shops in New York and other cities during the colonial era. Ben Franklin, George Washington, and Thomas Jefferson were known to have regularly eaten and served ice cream. First Lady Dolley Madison is also closely associated with the early history of ice cream in the United States. One respected history of ice cream states that, as the wife of U.S. President James Madison, she served ice cream at her husband's Inaugural Ball in 1813.

Around 1832, Augustus Jackson, an African American confectioner, not only created multiple ice cream recipes, but he also invented a superior technique to manufacture ice cream.

In 1843, Nancy Johnson of Philadelphia was issued the first U.S. patent for a small-scale handcranked ice cream freezer. The invention of the ice cream soda gave Americans a new treat, adding to ice cream's popularity. This cold treat was probably invented by Robert Green in 1874, although there is no conclusive evidence to prove his claim.

Ice cream sundaes with fruit, nuts, and a wafer

The ice cream sundae originated in the late 19th century. Several men claimed to have created the first sundae, but there is no conclusive evidence to back up any of their stories. Some sources say that the sundae was invented to circumvent blue laws, which forbade serving sodas on Sunday. Towns claiming to be the birthplace of the sundae include Buffalo, New York; Two Rivers, Wisconsin; Ithaca, New York; and Evanston, Illinois. Both the ice cream cone and banana split became popular in the early 20th century. Several food vendors claimed to have invented the ice cream cone at the 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis, MO. However, Europeans were eating cones long before 1904.

In the UK, ice cream remained an expensive and rare treat, until large quantities of ice began to be imported from Norway and the US in the mid Victorian era. A Swiss-Italian businessman, Carlo Gatti, opened the first ice cream stall outside Charing Cross station in 1851, selling scoops of ice cream in shells for one penny.

Source: www.wikipedia.com

See also: sate, seafood

Cooking Pasta

Cooking pasta is as easy as boiling water, but does require care.

1. You should figure 1 quart of water per quarter pound of pasta (1 liter of water per 100 grams of pasta), and expand this to 6 quarts for a pound. If you don't use enough water the pasta will be gummy, so don't stint.

2. Bring the water to a rolling boil, salt it with 2-3 teaspoons of kosher salt per quart of water. Don't skimp on the salt or the pasta will be unpleasantly bland -- it helps to keep in mind that Neapolitans, who are masters at cooking pasta, used to use sea water back when it was safe to do so.

3. Add the pasta, stirring gently to separate the pieces and keep them from sticking to the bottom of the pot.

The pasta package will probably say how long the pasta should cook for, but don't trust it. A couple of minutes before it is supposed to be done, fish out a piece and break it open; in the center you will see a whitish area of uncooked pasta that is poetically known as the anima, or soul of the pasta. Ladle a couple of ladles of hot water into the serving bowl, swirl them about to warm it, discard them, and continue cooking the pasta until the anima barely fades. At this point drain the pasta, giving it one or two good shakes to remove most of the water (it will continue to absorb water for a minute or two), transfer it to the bowl, stir the sauce into it and serve.

As a variation, if the sauce is fairly liquid, say for penne rosé, warm it in a skillet as the pasta cooks, and when the pasta is just shy of being done drain it and transfer while it's still dripping it to the skillet. Turn the heat to high and toss the pasta as you would an omelet; as it finishes cooking it will absorb the sauce and taste much better. On restaurant menus pasta cooked this way is called strascicata or saltata in padella. There are hudreds of pasta recipes on this site; click on the pasta sauces and recipes link on the navigation bar to the left to reach them.

Source: www.italianfood.about.com

See also: steak, sate, sushi

Tempat Nongkrong

A café or coffee shop is an informal restaurant with full-service tables and counters and broad menu offerings over extended periods of the day. In hotels, the coffee shop is a more popular-priced alternative to the formal dining room. Coffee shops often encourage families and provide special menus for children. To establish a family-friendly atmosphere, in many localities they do not serve wine and beer.

Notes

The most common English spelling, café, is the French spelling, and was adopted by English-speaking countries in the late 19th century. As English generally makes little use of diacritical marks, anglicisation includes a tendency to omit them, especially in less pretentious contexts. Thus the spelling cafe has thus become very common in English-language usage throughout the world, especially for the less pretentious, ie "greasy spoon" variety (although orthographic proscriptivists often disapprove of it). The Italian spelling, caffè, is also sometimes used in English. In southern England, especially around London in the 1950s, the French pronunciation was often facetiously altered to /ˈkæf/ and spelt caff.

The English words coffee and café both descend from the continental European translingual word root /kafe/, which appears in many European languages with various naturalized spellings, including Italian (caffè); Portuguese and Spanish (café); French (café); German (Kaffee); Polish (kawa); Ukrainian (кава, 'kava'); and others. European awareness of coffee (the plant, its seeds, the beverage made from the seeds, and the shops that sell the beverage) came through Europeans' contact with Turkey, and the Europeans borrowed both the beverage and the word root from the Turks, who got them from the Arabs. The Arabic name qahwa (قهوة) was transformed into kaweh (strength, vigor) in the Ottoman Empire, and it spread from there to Europe, probably first through the Mediterranean languages (Italian, Spanish, French, Catalan, etc.) and thence to German, English, and others, though there is another well-based theory that it first spread to Europe through Poland and Ukraine, through their contacts with the Ottoman Empire.

Source: www.wikipedia.com

See also: ice cream, sate

Daging sebagai Makanan Simbol Maskulinitas

Vegetarian merupakan sebuah pilihan di tengah para pemakan daging sebagai mayoritas. Para pemakan daging lebih menganggap hubungan dengan makanan adalah sebagai bentuk hubungan biasa dengan sebuah benda padat. Sedangkan bagi para vegetarian, berhubungan dengan daging merupakan hubungan dengan makhluk hidup. Perbedaan pandangan antara para vegetarian dengan para pemakan daging ini lebih merupakan beda sudut pandang. Keunikan dari makhluk hidup bagi para vegetarian sebagai upaya menghargai hidup itu sendiri. Bukan merupakan hubungan antara manusia dengan benda padat yang tak pernah ada peran apapun di dunia.

Daging yang berasal dari makhluk hidup ini dianggap sebagai sumber kekuatan bagi para petani di masa lalu yang pekerjaan sehari-harinya di ladang. Term “daging” yang dianggap berbeda bagi para vegetarian dan omnivor ini disebabkan adanya beda anggapan bahwa daging hanyalah benda padat tak bernilai personal. Ternyata daging yang merupakan sumber kekuatan ini identik dengan maskulinitas. Daging merupakan makanan pilihan para lelaki. Peran laki-laki dalam masyarakat menjadikan pilihan makan daging menjadi wajar.

Di Barat, daging ini diolah menjadi steak. Sedangkan di Indonesia, daging diolah menjadi sate. Perbedaan daging olahan ini tak menjadi faktor yang mengalihkan pilihan laki-laki untuk memakan daging sebagai menu utama dalam keseharian mereka. Tentunya pilihan ini berbeda pada setiap kelas. Kelas menengah atas lebih mampu menjadikan daging sebagai pilihan utama setiap hari karena kemampuan finansial mereka. Sedangkan kelas yang lebih rendah kemungkinannya kecil untuk menikmati daging setiap hari. Perempuan sebagai manajer keuangan dan koki, menyesuaikan budget makanan sesuai dengan selera laki-lakinya. Paling tidak seminggu sekali atau sebulan sekali sediakan daging untuk para lelakinya.

Sumber bacaan:

“Eating Culture” by Ron Scapp dan Brian Seitz.